Global offensive alliance numbers in graphs with emphasis on trees

For a graph G = (V,E), a non-empty set S ⊆ V is a global offensive alliance if for every v ∈ V − S, at least half of the vertices from the closed neighborhood of v are in S. A set S ⊆ V is a global strong offensive alliance if for each vertex v ∈ V −S, a strict majority of the vertices of the closed neighborhood of v are in S. The cardinality of a minimum global (strong) offensive alliance of a graph G is called the global (strong) offensive alliance number of G. We determine bounds on the global offensive alliance and the global strong offensive alliance numbers of a graph, and characterize the trees achieving two of these lower bounds. 88 M. CHELLALI, T. W. HAYNES AND L. VOLKMANN